1609 C.E. Keppler publishes first two laws of planetary motions.
1610 C.E. Galileo reveals observations of the heavens made with a telescope.
1611 C.E. King James authorized English version of the Bible completed. Gustavus
Adolphus, king of Sweden.
1614
C.E. Frankfurt mob plunders Jewish quarter,
drives out Jewish residents, emperor hangs mob leader, Jews return.
1615 C.E. Jewish residents expelled from France.
1616 C.E. Death of Shakespeare (b. 1564), Cervantes (b. 1547). Pietro della
Valle, Italian, locates ruins of ancient Babylon, discovers cuneiform inscriptions,
spurs interest in archaeology among Europeans.
1618 C.E. "Thirty Years' War" conflict between Protestants and
Catholics and ruling houses in Europe, Germany ravaged, Gustavus Adolphus
perfects volley fire for effective use of musketry. Keppler publishes third
law of planetary motion.
1619 C.E. First black men arrive in Virginia as slaves, first American
parliament meets at Jamestown.
1620 C.E. Puritan Pilgrims arrive Cape Cod, Massachusetts on Mayflower, New Plymouth
founded.
1621
C.E. Pilgrim colonists and Native Americans celebrate
Thanksgiving.
1622 C.E. Rabbi Isaiah Horowitz founds Jewish community in Jerusalem. Forced conversion of Persian
Jews to Islam, continues to 1629, converts secretly practice Judaism. War
between Spain and France.
1624 C.E. Death in India of Ahmed Sirhindi, devised modern orthodox Sufi
theology, mystical Sufi movement grows beyond Sunni establishment. Virginia becomes an English Crown colony.
1625 C.E. Muslim pasha imposes heavy taxes on Jerusalem Jewish community, confiscates
property and imprisons Jewish leaders, within 40 years most Jews have fled to
Ramleh.
1626 C.E. New Amsterdam founded by Dutch. Death of Francis Bacon (b.
1561). Hebrew printing press founded in Amsterdam.
1627
C.E. Annual funds raised by Jewish communities of Holland and Venice for the relief of Jews of the Holy Land.
1628 C.E. Wm Harvey demonstrates blood circulation of body. French Huguenots
surrender to Richelieu.
1630 C.E. Death of Keppler (b. 1571). Austrian soldiers capture Mantua and pillage Jewish quarter, expel
Jewish residents, who soon return by order of the emperor.
1633 C.E. Roman Catholic Inquisition forces Galileo to recant heliocentric
(earth orbits sun) beliefs.
1635 C.E. France declares war on Spain.
1637 C.E. Descartes publishes Discourse on Method and Geometry.
1638 C.E. Ottoman Turks conquer Baghdad. Japanese Christians slaughtered
in Shimbara uprising.
1639 C.E. Turks grant peace treaty to Persian Safavids who recognize Ottoman
control of Iraq and Baghdad. Seven Portuguese Jewish
merchants and a physician are burned at the stake in Lima, Peru, by Catholic Inquisition.
1640 C.E. Persians make Isfahan capital, becomes world class
city, arts and sciences flourish. Portuguese revolt against Spain. Death of Rubens (b. 1577).
1641 C.E. Catholic Irish revolt, 30,000 Protestants killed.
1642 C.E. English civil war, Royalists vs Parliamentarians. Death of Galileo.
Sea-wall destroyed in China during revolt, 300,000 drown.
1643 C.E. France defeats Spain. Louis XIV, king of France. Denmark and Sweden at war.
1645 C.E. Ottoman Turks at war with Venice over Crete. Cromwell's New Model Army
formed.
1648 C.E. Shi'ite ulama (religious council) of Persia denies divinity of Persian Shahs,
divine Twelfth Imam ruled to dwell in religious council, not a single person.
Cossack leader Bogdan Chmielnicki rebels in Ukraine, massive pogroms against Jewish
population to rid Ukraine of Jews, up to 300 Jewish communities destroyed
with up to 100,000 massacred in three years. Treaty of Westphalia ends "Thirty Years'
War."
1649 C.E. Charles I executed, republican rule in England, "The Commonwealth,"
Oliver Cromwell deals harshly with Catholic revolts in Ireland. Jewish residents expelled from Hamburg. Mexico City Inquisition, 13 of
109 Jews are "restored" to Catholic faith and escape execution, the
remainder perish.
1650 C.E. Mughal Taj Mahal tomb finished in Agra, India. Death of Descartes (b. 1596).
Amsterdam Jewish scholar, Manasseh ben Israel, writes book to English
Parliament to readmit Jews to England, makes reference to 10 lost tribes
being discovered in Ecuador and that Messiah would come when Jews were
completely dispersed around the world, including England, book influences
English theologians, after 1656 Jewish settlement in England never
questioned.
1653 C.E. Cromwell "Lord Protector" of England.
1655 C.E. Sweden at war against Poland, later joined by Russia, Denmark and Holy Roman Empire. Jews permitted to settle in New Amsterdam.
1656 C.E. Turks defeated by Venetians. England and Spain at war. First Jewish doctor
settles in America. Jewish philosopher Spinoza
excommunicated from Synagogue for heresy. Jewish residents of Isfahan forced to convert to Islam or
flee.
1657 C.E. D. of Katib Chelebi, Ottoman encyclopediest.
1658 C.E. Death of Oliver Cromwell (b. 1599).
1660 C.E. Monarchy restored in England with Charles II. Tiberias in the Holy Land laid waste during Bedouin tribal
wars, lies in ruins for 80 years.
1661 C.E. Ottomans and Holy Roman Empire at war. Louis XIV becomes
absolute monarch of France.
1662 C.E. Royal Society in England founded for publication and
exchange of science.
1664 C.E. Treaty between Holy Roman Empire and Ottoman Turks. New Amsterdam's name changed to New York after seizure by English.
1665 C.E. London ravaged by plague, 70,000 perish.
Isaac Newton discovers laws of gravity. English navy defeats Dutch. Robert
Hooke describes cellular structure in cork using microscope. Rembrandt paints
The Jewish Bride.
1666 C.E. Great fire of London. Shabbatai Zvi, false messiah,
proclaims redemption causing Jewish hysteria, after arrest by Turkish
authorities converts to Islam. Royal Academy of Sciences founded in France.
1667 C.E. Dutch fleet defeats English. France invades Spanish Netherlands.
80,000 killed in earthquake in Caucasia. English poet John Milton writes Paradise Lost.
1668 C.E. Jews in Barbados forbidden to engage in retail
trade.
1669 C.E. Ottoman Turks gain Crete from Venice. Death of Rembrandt (b. 1606).
Jewish residents of Oran in Algiers expelled.
1670 C.E. Jews expelled from Vienna, property confiscated, Great
Synagogue made into a Catholic church.
1672 C.E. Turks at war with Poland over Ukraine. Third Anglo-Dutch war. France invades Netherlands. Newton's Theory about Light and Color.
1674 C.E. Holy Roman Empire at war against France in defence of Netherlands. Death of Milton.
1675 C.E. Royal Observatory established in Greenwich, England. Portuguese synagogue for
Amsterdam Sephardic Jews opened, seats 1,200 men and 400 women, largest
synagogue in the world.
1676 C.E. Turks gain Ukraine. Sikh uprisings in India. Imam of Yemen attempts to exile all
non-Muslims, destroys synagogues and expels Jewish residents, Jews permitted
to return in a few years.
1677 C.E. Turks at war with Russia.
1679 C.E. Inquisition suspended in Portugal.
1682 C.E. Ottoman Turks at war with Austria.
1683 C.E. Turks unsuccessfully besiege Vienna. Jews expelled from French
possessions in America. Three hundred Jewish families in
Salonika convert to Islam and join secret
Jewish sect of Shabbatai Zvi.
1684 C.E. Holy League of Venice, Austria and Poland defeat Ottoman Turks.
1685 C.E. Louis XIV of France prohibits all religions except
Catholicism, 50,000 Huguenot Protestants leave.
c.1685 C.E. Spanish priest Michael Molinos
begins Quietist Movement.
1686
C.E. Philosopher John Locke witnesses Christian-Jewish
debate in the Netherlands, later urges civil rights of all
in the English Commonwealth, including Jews.
1687 C.E. Turks defeated at battle of Mohacs. Newton publishes Principia,
gravitational laws of motion.
1688 C.E. William and Mary rule England.
1689 C.E. League of Augsburg becomes Grand Alliance, Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Sweden, Saxony, Bavaria, Palatinate, England and Netherlands against France. Peter the Great, Tzar of Russia.
1690 C.E. Turks retake Belgrade. France defeats English-Dutch navies.
1691 C.E. Muslim Mughal Empire reaches zenith under Aurangzeb.
1692 C.E. Salem, Massachusetts witch trials.
1693 C.E. 60,000 perish in earthquake in Italy.
1694 C.E. Ayatollah Muhammad Majlisi overthrows last Safavid Shah, the Ayatollah
rules Iran of behalf of the Persian Shi'ite
religious council.
1696 C.E. Mughal city of Calcutta comes under jurisdiction of
British East India Company. Russian leader Peter the Great visits Western Europe incognito.
1697 C.E. Ottoman Turks defeated by Austrians.
1699 C.E. Treaty of Karlowitz; Turks lose some European lands, Russia controls Holy Places in Jerusalem.
1700 C.E. Rabbi Judah Hasid of Poland leads 1,300 disciples to settle in Jerusalem, many die en route, Judah dies shortly after arriving, some
disciples return to Poland, others convert to Christianity.
War between Russia and Sweden.
1703 C.E. St. Petersburg founded in Russia. Anti-Jewish violence in Jerusalem, Jewish community unable to pay
back loans to Arab moneylenders, many Jews flee.
1704 C.E. Optics published by Isaac Newton. France defeated by Grand Alliance.
1705 C.E. Edmund Halley predicts periodic return of un-named comet, due in 1758
(Halley's comet).
1706
C.E. Protestant theologian, Jacques Christian Basnage,
publishes seven volume, History and Religion of the Jews from the Time of
Jesus Christ to the Present.
1707 C.E. Mughal Empire in India breaks up at death of Aurangzeb. England and Scotland united in Act of Union. Spain defeats Grand Alliance.
1709 C.E. Afghan tribes successfully revolt against Persian Shi'ite rule. Russia defeats Sweden. Coking process for smelting
invented.
1713 C.E. Treaty of Utrecht, brings western European
agreement.
1714
C.E. Prussia issues financially oppressive
edict to reduce size of Jewish community.
1716 C.E. Synagogues of Posen sacked, sacred Scrolls of the Law desecrated.
1717 C.E. Gabriel Fahrenheit proposes standard calibration of thermometers.
1718 C.E. Quadruple Alliance against Spain.
1720 C.E. Afghanistan independent, ruled by Asaduallah
Khans.
1722 C.E. Asaduallah Khans invade Persia, overthrow Shi'ite Safavids,
Persians under Sunni rule. Judah Monis converts from Judaism to Christianity
in Boston, becomes Hebrew instructor at Harvard.
c.1722 C.E. Pietist Protestant colony, the
Moravians, founded by Count von Zinzendorf.
1724 C.E. Hyderabad, India independent from Mughals.
1726 C.E. Mongol Uzbeks conquer Afghanistan.
1727 C.E. Spain wars against Britain and France. Death of Newton. All Jews expelled from Ukraine. First Jewish judge appointed in America. Austria passes Familiant’s Law which
permits only the eldest son of Jewish families to marry, till 1848.
1729 C.E. Mongol Uzbeks conquer Persia. Newton's Principia translated
into English. Jewish community of Hebron in the Holy Land ravaged by warring Arab tribes,
Jews of Istanbul send financial relief.
1730 C.E. First synagogue building built in North America. 137,000 die in earthquake in Japan.
1731 C.E. Hebrew books in Papal states confiscated.
1732 C.E. Asaduallah Khans retake Afghanistan.
1733 C.E. War between France and Spain, Austria and Russia. Flying shuttle for weaving invented.
1734 C.E. American "Great Awakening" through preaching of Jonathan
Edwards and George Whitefield.
1736 C.E. Turks at war with Russia and Austria. Mongol-Uzbek leader, Nadir
Qajar, becomes Persian Shah, reconquers Afghanistan, invades northern India. John Harrison invents marine
chrono-meter, highly accurate on rough seas allowing greatly improved
navigation. Rabbi Israel Ben Eliezer (Baal Shem Tov) realizes most Jews did
not have the opportunity to become scholars, he seeks to stir greater Jewish devotion
in the average Jew, father of the hasidic movement in Judaism.
1737 C.E. 300,000 perish in earthquake in Calcutta, India.
1739 C.E. Nadir Shah of Persia sacks Delhi, Peacock Throne taken from Mughal
Empire to Persia. War between Britain and Spain. John Wesley leads Methodist
movement. Jewish residents expelled from little Russia.
1740 C.E. City of Tiberias in the Holy Land rebuilt by Rabbi Abraham
Abulafia. Mystic, Rabbi Moses Hayyim Luzzato, writes popular Jewish ethical
treatise in Hebrew, The Path of the Upright. War of Austrian
succession.
1741 C.E. Russia and Sweden at war.
1742
C.E. All Jewish residents of the Russian Empire
expelled.
1743 C.E. French defeated by English.
1744 C.E. Jews expelled from Bohemia and Moravia.
1747 C.E. Nadir Shah assassinated, Ahmed Shah ruler of Afghanistan.
1750 C.E. Death of composer Bach (b. 1685).
1752 C.E. Lightning conductor invented by Ben Franklin.
1753
C.E. Popular anti-Jewish prejudice result in immediate repeal
of Jewish naturalization bill ("Jew Bill") by the English
Parliament.
1754
C.E. German Protestant playwright, Gotthold Ephraim
Lessing, composes The Jew, portrays a Jewish character as a virtuous
man.
1755 C.E. N. American French and Indian war. Earth-quakes kill 40,000 in Persia, 60,000 in Lisbon.
1756 C.E. Black Hole of Calcutta, 146 British captured and held in
small room in Calcutta, most die. "Seven Years'
War" between France and Britain.
1757 C.E. British defeat Nawab of Bengal, rule India.
1758 C.E. Prussians defeat Russians.
1759 C.E. British capture Quebec from French. Catholic Cardinal,
Lorenzo Ganganelli (later Pope Clement XIX) condemns blood libel accusations
against the Jewish people.
1760 C.E. Death of Rabbi Israel Ben Eliezer (Baal Shem Tov).
1762 C.E. Britain declares war on Spain. Rousseau publishes The Social
Contract.
1763 C.E. Non-native Jews expelled from Bohemia.
1767 C.E. Turks at war with Russia. James Cook explores East coast
of Australia. U.S. Mason-Dixon line surveyed.
1768 C.E. Rival gangs of Cossacks and peasants, the Hai damaks, ravage eastern Poland, killing up to 20,000 Poles and
Jews. London Jews send money to ransom Jewish slaves in Malta.
1769 C.E. James Watt patents steam engine.
1770 C.E. Boston Massacre, British troops kill five civilians. Hargreaves
invents spinning jenny.
1771 C.E. Russia conquers Crimea. Oxygen discovered.
1773 C.E. Boston Tea Party, cargoes of three British tea ships thrown into Boston Harbor.
1774 C.E. Warren Hastings, Britain’s first Governor-General of India. First
Continental Congress meets in American colonies, suspends trade with Britain unil pre-1763 economic status
quo restored. Jews expelled from Prague, Bohemia and Moravia.
1775 C.E. American War of Independence against British begins at Lexington, colonists face three enemies,
British army (including 17,000 mercenaries), native Indians aiding England, and "Loyalist"
American settlers who remained faithful to England. War between Marathas of India and Britain. First commercial steam engines.
1776 C.E. American Declaration of Independence, formulates basic human rights,
composed by Thomas Jefferson. Capitalist doctrine defined in The Wealth of
Nations by Adam Smith, becomes guiding force in 19th century.
1777
C.E. Group of 300 Hasidic Jews leave eastern Europe for
the Holy
Land.
1778 C.E. France supports American colonies
against Britain, followed by Spain. Death of Voltaire (b. 1694),
Rousseau (b. 1712).
1781 C.E. British surrender to Americans at Yorktown, Virginia. Jewish dress code abolished in Austria.
1783 C.E. Treaty of Paris, American colonies recognized
independent by Britain, Spain received Florida, most important defeat for Britain since the "Hundred Years’
War," about 70,000 American colonists died in the war,
"Loyalists" emigrate to Canada. Russia annexes Crimea. First hot-air balloon flown by
Montgolfier brothers. Earthquake in Italy claims 30,000 lives.
1784 C.E. British India Act, controls politics of India. Malleable iron produced by
puddling process.
1787 C.E. Turks and Russia at war. U. S. Constitution signed
in Philadelphia. Rice riots in Edo, Japan.
1788 C.E. British convicts exiled to Australia. Sweden at war with Russia.
1789 C.E. French Revolution, inspired by American success against Britain, Convocation of Estates General
at Versailles demanded vote by head, not estate, establishment of
National Assembly, the Bastille prison in Paris symbolising despotism seized by
revolutionaries, National Guard established. George Washington, first U.S.
President.
c.1790 C.E. Muhammad Abdul Wahhab of Mecca preaches a return to purity of
early Islam.
1791 C.E. French constitution, French Jews emancipated. D. of Mozart (b. 1756),
John Wesley (b. 1703).
1792 C.E. France declared Republic, war against Austria and Prussia. William Carey founds Protestant
missionary society, triggers founding of other missionary societies in Europe.
1793 C.E. Death of Muhammad Abdul Wahhab, Sunni purist and revivalist. Louis XVI
guillotined, followed by wife, Marie Antoinette. France declares war on Britain, Spain and Netherlands. Robespierre and Committee of
Public Safety rule France in "Reign of Terror."
German Jewish educator, Lazarus Bendavid, calls for abolition of ritual laws
of Judaism, believing it the only way to stem the growing wave of Jewish
conversion to Christianity.
1794 C.E. Robespierre executed, end of Reign of Terror. Kajar dynasty founded in
Persia, position of Persian Jews
deteriorates. Jewish legion participates in unsuccessful national uprising
against Russia and Prussia.
1795
C.E. Third Partition divides Poland between Russia, Austria and Prussia, hundreds of thousands of Polish
Jews under Russian rule; for hundreds of years previous no Jews could live in
Russian Empire, Russia acquires largest Jewish
population in the world.
1796 C.E. Arab purist Wahhabis capture Mecca, hang their own red drape over
Kaaba. Napoleon Bonaparte from Corsica leads French army to conquer Italy. British capture Ceylon from Dutch. Jews of Holland and Bologna emancipated. Censorship of Jewish
books in Russia.
1797 C.E. British fleet defeats French and Spanish. 41,000 perish in earthquake
in Quito, Equador.
1798 C.E. French capture Rome and found Roman republic, invade Switzerland and found Helvetic republic.
French capture Cairo, Egypt. British navy defeats French at
the Nile. The Jews of Rome remove yellow
badges.
1799 C.E. Rosetta Stone, carved in 203 BCE, found in Egypt, enables translation of
hieroglyphics, age of scientific archeology begins. Napoleon invades Syria, French driven out of Italy, civil restrictions reimposed on
Jewish residents.
1800 C.E. French defeat Austrians. First electric battery.
c.1800 C.E. "Islamic Jihad"
organization founded by disciple of al-Wahhab, Shah Wali-Allah of Delhi. World Jewish population about
two and a half million.
1801 C.E. First Jewish U.S. marshall appointed by Thomas Jefferson.
1803 C.E. Wahhabis in Arabia revolt, found purist Sunni state with capital at Riyadh. British conquer Delhi, Mughal Empire becomes British
protectorate. War between Britain and France. U. S. makes "Louisiana Purchase" from France.
1804 C.E. Napoleon self-proclaimed emperor of the French. Persia and Russia at war. Serbian revolt against
Turks. Lewis and Clark begin expedition of Louisiana Purchase. First successful locomotive. Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden allies against France. Death of Immanuel Kant,
philosopher. Russian Jewish advocate of Haskala (Enlightenment) Judah
Leib Nevakhovich, writes tracts in Hebrew and Russian calling for Russian
sympathy towards Jews and rejection of Christian calls for Jews to convert,
in 1809 converts to Protestant Lutheranism, many Jews reject Haskala movement,
yet during the 19th century at least 250,000 Jews convert to Christianity,
often for social opportunity.
1805 C.E. Muhammad Ali rules Ottoman Egypt, effectively independent. French
defeat Austrians. British navy defeats French-Spanish navies. French defeat
Austrio-Russian army. Massacre of hundreds of Jewish residents of Algiers by envious Ottoman soldiers.
1806 C.E. Turks at war with Russia and Britain. Holy Roman Empire dissolved by Napoleon. French
defeat Prussia. Napoleon calls assembly of
Jewish leaders in Paris.
1807 C.E. Disciples of Vilna Gaon, Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon Zalman, settle in Jerusalem. Slave trade abolished in British Empire. French invade Portugal. Robert Fulton's steamboat sails.
French Sanhedrin of Jews opens first session.
1808 C.E. French occupy Spain. Russia and Sweden at war. US bans import of slaves.
Napoleon declares Judaism an official religion, but puts controls on Jewish
loans and requires special Jewish trade permits.
1809 C.E. Jean Baptiste de Lamark, in Philosophie Zoologique, believed complex
organisms could evolve from simpler ones, denied fixed species, believed in
inheritance of acquired traits, "Lamarkianism" (proved wrong by
later experiments).
1810 C.E. Thirty-eight Jewish residents burned in Brandenburg on charge of host desecration. France annexes Holland. Serfdom abolished in Prussia.
1811 C.E. Egyptian Mameluke ruling family killed by Muhammad Ali in Cairo. First outbreak of riots in England by Luddites against mechanization
of textile industry.
1812 C.E. Britain and U.S. at war. Greatest extent of
Napoleonic French Empire, rules 50 million of the 170 million in Europe. Napoleon invades Russia with 600,000 and takes Moscow, forced to retreat with loss of
500,000 troops.
1813 C.E. Prussian war of liberation begins, France defeated, also driven from Spain.
1814 C.E. Swiss-German adventurer John Lewis Burckhardt enters Mecca disguised as Sheikh Ibrahim ibn
Abdullah. Allied forces enter Paris, Napoleon exiled to Elba.
1815 C.E. Serbs revolt against Ottoman Turks. Napoleon escapes, raises army and
marches against Paris. Napoleon defeated at Waterloo, exiled to island of St. Helena.
1817
C.E. Benjamin Disraeli joins Anglican Church by baptism.
In Ferrara, Italy, five year old Jewish girl
forcibly taken from parents with Catholic Church approval because nurse
privately baptized the girl as a two month old baby.
1818 C.E. Afghan tribe rebels against British supported Afghan King, country
divided and weakened. Chile independent. Zulu Empire under
Chaka. First Reform synagogue opens, Hamburg, Germany.
1819 C.E. Sikhs
conquer Kashmir. Spain gives up Florida to US. Colombia
secures independence under Simon
Bolivar. Singapore founded by British. "Hep!
Hep!" (Hurray!) Anti-Jewish riots erupt in Germany and Denmark, Christians charge emancipation
of Jews leads to economic exploitation; the cry, "Hep," of Crusader
origin, Hierosolyma est perdita = Jerusalem is lost
1820 C.E. Egyptian conquest of Sudan. British make agreement with Gulf
Arabs against Ottoman Turks. Missouri compromise on slavery in U.S.
1821 C.E. Ottomans and Persia at war. Greek war of independence
against Ottomans, five hundred Greek Jews massacred by Greek rebels. Mexico and Peru proclaim independence. The Rabbi
of Hamburg, Isaac Bernays, opponent of Reform Movement in Judaism, founds
"Modern Orthodoxy."
1822 C.E. Brazil,
Colombia and Ecuador independent. West African colony of Liberia founded for freed American
slaves. Earthquake claims 22,000 lives in Aleppo, Asia Minor. Rothchild financiers make enormous
loan to Russia to rebuild after Napoleonic wars.
1823
C.E. Persecution of Jewish community of Velizh, Russia, after blood libel accusation,
trial drawn out for years, refutes accusation.
1824 C.E. Britain begins to annex Burma.
1825 C.E. Egyptians invade Greece. Bolivia independent.
1826 C.E. Persia and Russia at war. Ottoman Turks take
Missolonghi from Greece. Last "Auto-de-Fe" of
Roman Catholic Spanish Inquisition on record occurs in Valencia, Spain; from 1481 to 1826 there were
more than 2,000 "Autos-de-Fe" with 30,000 executions
1827 C.E. Sir Moses Montefiore’s first visit to Jerusalem to assist Jewish population. Russia, Britain and France back Greek independence, defeat Egyptian
fleet. Death of Beethoven (b. 1770). Georg Ohm discovers laws of electrical
circuits.
1828 C.E. War between Ottoman Turks and Russia. Earthquake kills 30,000 in Japan.
1830 C.E. First passenger railroad in England. French begin conquest of Algeria. Revolutions in Europe.
c.1830 C.E. Sir Richard Burton,
explorer-writer, visits Mecca disguised as Persian holy man,
Mirza Abdullah.
1831 C.E. French Jews given rights equal to Catholics and Protestants. Dynamo
invented by Faraday.
1832 C.E. Egypt and Ottomans at war, Turks
defeated at Koniah. Canadian Jews receive equal rights.
1833 C.E. Mohammed Ali of Egypt gains Syria from Ottomans. Factory Act in Britain; Children under nine forbidden
factory employment. Slavery abolished in British colonies.
1834 C.E. McCormick reaper invented. "Analytical engine" primitive
computer built by Charles Babbage. The House of Rothchild appointed fiscal
agent of the US.
1835 C.E. Henry Rawlinson deciphers and translates cuniform text on monument in Persia, the Behistun Inscription,
completed and published in 1847, tells of Persian ruler Darius the Great
522-486 BCE, unlocks study of ancient Akkadian
language found on clay tablets in Mesopotamia.
1836 C.E. Texas independent from Mexico. Czar Nicholas I closes nearly all
Jewish printing presses, many Jewish books burned.
1837 C.E. "Victorian Era" begins with popular British Queen Victoria.
1838 C.E. First regular British Consulate in Jerusalem. Previous privileges revoked from
Swedish Jews.
1839 C.E. In London Sir Moses Montefiore proposes a Jewish State in the Holy Land. Turks invade, are defeated in Syria. British occupy Aden. Afghanistan defended from Persian invasion by
Britain. Jewish community of Meshad, Persia, forced to convert to Islam,
secretly practice Judaism.
1840 C.E. Limits of Egyptian expansion set by Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria. British ships bombard Beirut. New Zealand becomes British Crown Colony.
Upper and Lower
Canada
united. Jews throughout the world anticipate arrival of Messiah, based on
Jewish year 5600 (=1840) and passages in the Talmud. Blood libel against Damascus Jewish community, protested by US
Jews, and US President, Jewish delegation led
by Sir Moses Montefiore secures release of Jewish captives.
1841 C.E. Muhammad Ali made hereditary ruler of Egypt.
1842 C.E. British withdraw from Kabul, Afghanistan. Hong Kong ceded to Britain. Mayer states First Law of
Thermodynamics that total energy of the universe is constant but changes
form.
1844 C.E. Population of Jerusalem, 7,120 Jews, 5,000 Muslims, 3,390
Christians. Baha'i sect founded in Persia. Telegraph communication invented
by Morse.
1845 C.E. Texas joins the U.S. Britain annexes Punjab. Reform Jewish Rabbinical Council
held in Frankfurt, Germany.
1846 C.E. Potato famine in Ireland, one million perish, another
million emigrate. Sewing machine invented. US at war with Mexico. Jewish community of San’a, Yemen, ordered to clean city’s sewers,
edict remains in effect until 1950.
1847
C.E. Benjamin Disraeli composes Tancred, a novel
which favors restoration of independence to the Jewish nation, includes
description of Jerusalem which he had visited 15 years
earlier.
1848 C.E. U.S. receives California and New Mexico, California gold rush. The Communist
Manifesto by Marx and Engels published. Revolutions spread through France, Germany, Prussia, Austria, Italy and Hungary, with liberal, nationalist and
socialist struggles failing, leading to pessimism of noble ideas over brutal
reality. Jews of Sardinia and Prussia emancipated, citizens of Rome remove gates of Jewish ghetto.
Reuter’s News Agency established in Germany by Paul Reuter, four years after
his cover to Christianity from Judaism.
c.1850 C.E. World population reaches a billion.
1852 C.E. Louis Napoleon becomes Napoleon III, emperor of the French.
1853 C.E. Dispute over Holy Places in Palestine leads Ottoman Turks to declare
war on Russia.
1854 C.E. Crimean War, Britain, France, Ottoman Turks against Russia. English archaeologist discovers
cylinder inscriptions in Mesopotamia stating King Nabonides of Babylon, 556-539 BCE, had rebuilt a
ziggurat (massive tower). Matthew Perry's naval force concludes Japanese
trade agreement with the U.S. Papal bull defines the immaculate conception by
the parents of the Virgin Mary.
1855 C.E. Florence Nightingale begins nursing reform in Crimean war. David
Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls in Africa. Committee of Russian theologians and Orientalists issues
report that there is no evidence to indicate the Jewish people use Christian
blood or commit ritual murder.
1856 C.E. Persia captures Herat, Afghanistan, war breaks out with British.
Bessemer process of making steel.
1857 C.E. Indian Mutiny of soldiers (Sepoy Rebellion) in Bengal Army.
1858 C.E. Government of India put under British Crown from East
India Company. Bologna, Italy, police seize six-year-old Jewish
boy, Edgardo Mortara, from his family, on the basis of testimony of Christian
servant that she had baptized him as a baby, the boy is taken to a monastery
and raised a Catholic.
1859 C.E. Darwin's Origin of the Species
ties together antisupernatural ideas on the origin of life on earth,
popularizes current thought on evolution, makes tremendous impact. Jewish
child in New York secretly baptized by nurse,
seized by Catholic authorities, returned to family by court order.
1860 C.E. British and French occupy Peking. South Carolina secedes from the U.S. First Rabbi to deliver invocation
in U.S. Congress.
1861 C.E.
Jewish settlers build first suburb of Jerusalem.
Italy united
except for Venice and Rome.
Abraham Lincoln, U.S. President. 11 states form the Confederate States of America.
U.S. civil
war. Abolition of serfdom in Russia.
Pasteur's germ theory published. Lebanon
becomes independent state under French protection.
1863 C.E. Abolition of slavery in U.S. proclaimed by Lincoln. French occupy Mexico city.
1864 C.E. First Socialist International. Storm kills 70,000 in India. Roman Catholic Syllabus of
Errors published.
1865 C.E. U.S. civil war ends, Lincoln assassinated at "Ford’s
Theater" Washington. Senate Judiciary Committee
tables proposed amendment to US Constitution that Christianity be adopted as
state religion of US.
1866 C.E. Swiss Jews granted civic equality. Transatlantic cable for instant
American-European telegraph communication, revolution in financial world.
Dynamite invented.
1867 C.E. "Seward's Folly," Russia sells Alaska to U.S. France withdraws from Mexico. Jewish residents of Austria and Hungary emancipated.
1868 C.E. Ancient Moabite Stone monument discovered, inscription confirms
portion of biblical narrative between 900-600 BCE. Telegraph and postal
connections established in the Holy Land. Cuba seeks independence from Spain in "Ten Years' War."
Earthquakes kill 40,000 in Peru and Ecuador. Benjamin Disraeli, prime
minister of Great Britain, again in 1874. Jewish store
owner and black clerk murdered by Ku Klux Klan in Franklin, Tennessee, one
year after formal organization of the Klan in Nashville.
1869 C.E. Road from coastal city of Jaffa to Jerusalem completed. Suez Canal opened.
1870 C.E. Franco-Prussian War, Napoleon III captured. Italy annexes Papal States, Rome capital of Italy, Jews granted equality, ghetto of
Rome abolished. Jews of Algeria
emancipated. Pope declared infallible when speaking ex cathedra
(officially teaching doctrines).
1871 C.E. Jewish residents of German Empire emancipated. Stanley meets Livingstone in Africa.
1874
C.E. Impressionist movement in art founded by Camille
Pissarro, first major Jewish painter.
c.1874 C.E. Final phase of collapse of Ottoman Empire.
1875 C.E. Ottoman Empire declares public bankruptcy, Sultans ignore an
imposed constitution. Revolt of Yugoslavia against Ottoman Turks. Earthquake
kills 16,000 in Venezuela and Colombia.
1876 C.E. Battle of the Little Big Horn. Serbia and Montenegro declare war on Ottoman Turks, are
defeated. Thousands killed in Bulgarian revolt against Turkey. Jews of Ottoman Empire granted
civil equality. Britain and France take control of Egyptian
finances. Telephone invented by Bell, made practical for long-distance
use by US Jewish inventor Emile Berliner.
1877 C.E. Ottoman Turks and Russians at war over Balkans.
1878 C.E. Petach Tikvah, an agricultural settlement, founded in the Holy Land by Jews from Jerusalem.
1879 C.E. Britain and France control Egypt. War between Zulus and British.
Albert Einstein born. Rumanian Jews granted political equality. Term
"anti-Semite" coined by German, William Marr, with the founding of the
League of Anti-Semites.
1880 C.E. Death of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, leader of effective Islamic
fundamentalist movement in Egypt. Hebrew inscription from the days
of King Hezekiah of Judah discovered in Jerusalem tunnel of spring of Siloam
(Shiloah) of 2 Kings 20:20, Nehemiah 3:15 and John 9:7. Boer revolt against
British in South Africa. Religious novel Ben Hur written.
1881 C.E. Assassination of Czar Alexander II of Russia, pogroms against Jews break out. Tunis made protectorate of France.
1882 C.E. First Aliyah of Jews from Russia to Holy Land. British bombard Alexandria and capture Cairo, direct British rule in Egypt. Mohammed Ahmed, the Mahdi
(divinely guided Islamic leader), begins Muslim revolt of Sudan against British controlled Egypt. Disappearance of 14 year old
Christian girl leads to blood libel charge against Jews of Tiszaeszlar, Hungary; during trial Catholic professor
of Prague University discredited in his testimony that
Jews practice ritual murder by Protestant theologians, including Franz
Delitzsch, translator of the New Testament into Hebrew, Jewish defendants
acquitted.
1883 C.E. 36,000 die after cataclysmic eruption of Krakatau volcanic island in Indonesia. Most drown from shock-generated
120 foot high sea-wave in the bays of 295 coastal towns in Java and Sumatra. Sound of eruption heard more
than 3,000 miles away, ash cloud reaches height of 50 miles. Estimated that a
cubic mile of material was blown to a height of 17 miles, which circled the
globe several times. Dust falls on ships in quantity three days later at
distance of 1,600 miles. Dust causes complete darkness for fifty-seven hours
at 50 miles from volcano, twenty-two hours at 130 miles. High altitude dust
layer allowed only 87% of sunlight to reach the earth causing world-wide drop
in temperatures and spectacularly colored sunrises and sunsets.
1884 C.E. European powers determine spheres of influence in Africa at Berlin Conference. British
forces sent into Sudan to rescue Egyptian forces,
besieged at Khartoum by Sudanese.
1885 C.E. Khartoum falls to Sudanese, British
General Gordon killed by Mohammed Ahmed. Louis Pasteur gives first rabies
vaccination.
1886 C.E. Ancient Egyptian Amarna Letters discovered at Tel el-Amarna,
south of Cairo, which speak of the condition of land of Canaan in the 14th century BCE. Gold
discovered in South Africa.
1887 C.E. War between Italy and Ethiopia. 900,000 perish in flooding in China.
1888 C.E. Pro-European secularist, Kemal Ataturk, becomes leader of "Young
Turks." Suez Canal declared open to international maritime traffic by
European powers at convention in Istanbul.
1891 C.E. About 30,000 Jews expelled from Moscow, 110 thousand Jews leave Russia. Blood libel accusation against
Jewish residents of Greek island of Corfu, many Jews leave the island.
1892 C.E. Mathematical and scientific terms established in revived Hebrew
language in the Holy Land, in ten years Hebrew becomes the principal language of Jewish
settlers. Railway to Jerusalem inaugurated. Jewish inventor,
David Schwarz, of Austria, designs aluminum framed airship,
sells design to Count Zeppelin.
1894 C.E. Dreyfus Affair; French officer who is Jewish, Alfred Dreyfus,
convicted of treason and deported. Jewish reporter covering the trial,
Theodor Herzl, becomes convinced the only solution for Jews against
anti-Semitism is an independent Jewish state. War between China and Japan.
1895 C.E. War between Italy and Ethiopia. Wireless telegraphy by Marconi.
X-rays discovered by Roentgen.
1896 C.E. Population of Jerusalem, 28,112 Jews, 8,560 Muslims,
8,748 Christians. British and Egyptians begin reconquest of Sudan. 27,000 killed in earthquake and
sea-wave in Japan.
1897 C.E. Theodor Herzl organizes "First Zionist Congress" in Basle, Switzerland, which seeks to create an
independent Jewish state. War between Greece and Ottoman Turks over Crete. Stone monument discovered in Persia inscribed with the Code of
Hammurabi, ancient Babylonian ruler, 1728 BCE. German government finances
test flights of dirigible designed by David Schwartz and developed by Count
Zeppelin.
1898 C.E. Theodor Herzl meets Kaiser Wilhelm II in Jerusalem. U.S. and Spain at war over Cuba. British-Egyptian forces, lead by
British General Kitchener defeat Sudanese and occupy Sudan.
1899 C.E. First Hague Peace Conference to settle international conflict through
peaceful means. Boer Wars in South Africa. Blood libel trial leads to
outbreak of anti-Jewish riots in Bohemia and Moravia. Charles Steinmetz, German Jewish
electrical engineer, arrives in US, becomes chief consulting engineer to the
General Electric Co., studies and theories on alternating current lead to
practical use of electricity.
1900 C.E. Boxer Rebellion in China. American archaeologists excavate
Nippur, ancient Sumerian city. Blood
libel charge in West Prussia sparks anti-Jewish riots, Jewish
defendants acquitted. Jewish defendant in Vilna acquitted of blood libel,
charged with wounding servant, a re-trial in 1902 shows servants wounds were
self-inflicted.
c.1900 C.E. "Islamic Jihad" movement
founded in northern India (modern Pakistan) by disciples of Wali-Allah.
1901 C.E. Wahhabi purist, Muhammad ibn Sa'ud, supported by British captures
Masmak, Ottoman fort, and rules area around Riyadh, Arabia despite Ottoman claim. Terrorist
activities increase in Russia. Persian business document in
Hebrew script discovered in Sinkiang, China, proving Jewish visits there as
early as 718 C.E.
1902 C.E. Martinique volcano, Mt. Pelee, erupts, 40,000 perish by
superheated low-altitude ash cloud.
1903 C.E. Wright brothers fly first powered aircraft. Zionism suppressed in Russia, pogroms against Jewish residents
of Bessarabia and Gomel. Elephantine Papyri
discovered in Egypt, written in Aramaic, describe a
Jewish military colony in Egypt during the Persian Empire, the time of Ezra and Nehemiah,
c. 450 BCE. Jewish residents of Taza, Morocco, flee after massacre by sultan’s
troops.
1904 C.E. Russia and Japan at war, 43 anti-Jewish pogroms
occur in Russia during the year.
1905 C.E. Russians defeated by Japanese. General strike and revolt in Russia, Tzar grants some reforms. More
than a dozen Jewish residents of Zhitomir, Russia, killed in pogrom, Jewish
self-defense efforts prevent greater toll, later, government encited pogroms
sweep 660 Jewish communities and in one week about 1,000 murdered. Second
Jewish Aliyah to Holy Land from Russia. First Russian public edition of
anti-Semitic forgery, Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Einstein publishes General
Theory of Relativity.
1906 C.E. French officer Dreyfus declared innocent of treason in retrial,
reinstated into the French Army, made Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. Shah
Nasir ud-Din of Persia allows constitution. British
launch first modern battleship, HMS Dreadnought. San Francisco earthquake. Magnetic North fixed
by Amundsen, a Norwegian. Muslim League formed in Delhi. Russian pogrom against Jewish
residents of Bialystok leaves more than 200 dead, later
about 30 killed in Siedlce. Russian Jew, who will become first prime minister
of Israel, David Ben Gurion, settles in the
Holy Land. Archaeological excavation in
Boghaz-Keui in Turkey discovers clay tablets describing
empire of biblical Hittites. Azuza Street Christian revival begins in Los Angeles sparking the "Spirit of
Pentecost" Pentecostal Christian movement. 20,000 die in earthquake in Valparaiso, Chile.
1907 C.E. Triple Entente; Britain, France and Russia in opposition to Triple Alliance;
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Protestant Social Gospel defined
in Christianity and the Social Crisis by Walter Raushenbusch.
1908 C.E. Young Turk movement leads revolution in Turkey against Sultan Abdul Hamid II.
Muhammad V new Sultan, promises to support reforms of Young Turks. Crete declares union with Greece, Bulgaria declares independence. 150,000
die in earthquake in Italy and Sicily. Colossal airborne explosion of
staggering magnitude over Tunguska, Siberia, equal to 30 megatons or 1,500
Hiroshima A-bombs, blast was registered in Moscow, Germany, England and even
Washington D.C., explosion was heard at 500 miles, clothing was scorched at
40 miles, 1200 square miles of forest destroyed (cause still undetermined).
1909 C.E. Sultan Abdul Hamid II of Turkey deposed. Henry Ford produces
assembly-line built, inexpensive cars. Admiral Robert Peary reaches North Pole.
Deganyah, first kibbutz established in Holy Land, city of Tel Aviv founded by Jewish immigrants as
suburb of Jaffa. National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded in the U.S.
1910
C.E. First airplane takeoff from ship. Japan annexes Korea. Jewish residents of Kiev, Russia, expelled. Eliezer Ben-Yehuda,
"father of modern Hebrew," begins publication of 17 volume Complete
Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Hebrew, completed in 1959.
1911 C.E. Sun Yat-sen overthrows Manchu dynasty, Chinese republic formed. Italy at war with Turkey over Libya, first use of airplane in
offensive combat. 100,000 perish in flooding in China. Arab nationalist, anti-Zionist
organization, Al-Fetah, founded in Paris.
1912 C.E. French protectorate in Morocco. Italy gains Tripoli from Turkey. British liner Titanic,
largest ever and reputedly unsinkable, strikes iceberg on maiden voyage and
sinks, 1513 lives lost. First Balkan war against Turkey. Quantum Theory by Max Planck.
"Vitamin" discovered which prevents beriberi disease.
1913 C.E. Young Turks found dictatorship in Turkey. Albania created in Balkans. Greece takes Crete. Second Balkan war against Bulgaria, which is defeated.
1914 C.E. Archduke Ferdinand of Austria assassinated, sparks WWI. Allies;
Britain, France, Russia, Italy and later the US against Central Powers; Germany, Austrio-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria. Trench warfare until the end of
the war. Panama
Canal
opened.
1915 C.E. British naval blockade of Germany, German submarine blockade of Britain. Poison gas used by Germans. More
than 600,000 Armenians massacred by Turks. British liner Lusitania sunk by German U-boat. Jews
forbidden from praying at Western Wall in Jerusalem because prayers include plea for
reestablishment of Jewish State. German Zeppelins carry out first air raid on
Britain. 30,000 perish in earthquake in Italy.
1916 C.E. Battle of Verdun. Easter uprising in Ireland. Battle of Jutland. Battle of Somme, more than one
million killed, British use tanks. Arab revolt against Turks begins in Hejaz. Turks in Mecca surrender, Hussein, Sharif of
Mecca, proclaimed king of Arabs.
1917 C.E. British capture Baghdad from Turkey. Russian revolution, as many as
60,000 Jews killed in pogroms. U.S. declaration of war on Germany. T.E. Lawrence takes command of
Arab revolt against Turkey. Third battle of Ypres. Bolsheviks led by Lenin seize
power in Russia. Balfour declaration of British
support for Jewish homeland in Palestine. British capture Jerusalem from Turks.
1918 C.E. Treaty between Russia and Germany, Russia withdraws from war. Women over
thirty can vote in Britain. Second battle of the Marne. Revolution in Germany, republic declared. Defeated Germany signs Armistice ending WWI. About
forty million lives lost during the war. World-wide flu epidemic claims 20
million lives. Karl Barth's commentary of the biblical book of Romans shakes
modern Christian theology.
1919 C.E. Peace conference in Paris founding the League of Nations. Treaty of Versailles signed by Germany. Mohandas Mahatma Gandi leads
passive Indian rebellion against British. Third Jewish Aliyah from Russia, Poland and Galicia to Holy Land.
1920 C.E. Russia and Poland at war. League of Nations meets. Homeland to be established
for Jews in Palestine by British. Prohibition of alcohol
in the U.S. Earthquake in China kills 100,000.
1921 C.E. Turkey attacks Greece. Egypt a sovereign nation under British
style constitutional Monarch, King Farouk, Islamic shariah (orthodox
Koranic laws) demanded by traditionalists and modernists. Emir Faisal made
king of Iraq. Afghanistan granted independence from Britain.
1922 C.E. League of Nations entrusts Britain with Palestinian Mandate, which
includes establishment of Jewish national home, Arab pressure leads to first
British "White Paper" to limit Jewish immigration. Mussolini prime
minister of Italy. Egypt independent from British and
French control. U.S.S.R. established. Sultan of Turkey overthrown by Mustafa Kemal
Ataturk. Sir Leonard Woolley excavates ancient Ur in Mesopotamia, reputed birth place of patriarch
Abraham.
1923 C.E. Turkey becomes a republic under Mustafa
Kemal Ataturk. Hitler imprisoned after "Beer Hall Putsch," an
attempt to overthrow Bavarian government. Earthquake in Japan, 200,000 perish.
1924 C.E. Fourth Jewish Aliyah from Poland to Holy Land. Joseph Stalin succeeds Lenin as
Soviet leader after his death.
1925 C.E. Arab revolts in Morocco put down by France and Spain. Sunni Muslim Reza Shah Pahlavi
comes to power in Shi'ite Persia. Primitive television transmission by John
Logie Baird. Excavations begin at ancient city of Nuzi, 150 miles north of
Baghdad, reveal ancient settlements of the Hurrians = biblical Horites,
confirms biblical patriarchal customs of Genesis, c.2000-1800 BCE.
1927 C.E. Chiang Kai-shek sets up Chinese government in Nanking. Charles Lindberg makes first
solo transatlantic flight. 200,000 perish in earthquake in China.
1928 C.E. Muslim Brotherhood formed in Egypt. Stalin begins brutal Soviet
collectivisation of agriculture and the first "Five Year Plan," two
to three million killed. Penicillin discovered by Fleming.
1929 C.E. U.S.
stock market crash, worldwide depression. Jewish-Arab riots in Palestine,
British issue second "White Paper" to further limit Jewish
immigration. Richard Byrd flies over South Pole. Excavations begin at mound
of Ras Shamra in Syria,
reveal well known ancient city of Ugarit
of the 15th-14th centuries BCE, as well as the vile nature of the gods of the
biblical Canaanites.
1930 C.E. Iraq recognized independent from Britain.
c.1930 C.E. More than fifteen million Jews in
the world.
1931 C.E. National command of Haganah, underground defense force for
Jewish settlers in Palestine established. 3,700,000 perish in
flooding in China.
1932 C.E. Wahhabi Sa'ud clan declare themselves rulers of new kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Earthquake kills 70,000 in China.
1933 C.E. Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany. Nazi party eliminates all
opposition in Germany. U.S.S.R. Communist Party
brutally purged by Stalin. Fifth Jewish Aliyah from Europe to Holy Land. Afghanistan adopts constitution limiting
power of king, Koranic shariah made the country's basic laws.
Excavations begin in ancient city of Mari in Syria, royal palace, Temple
of Ishtar and vast library eventually discovered, shed more light on
biblical patriarchal era. U.S. receives first concession to
explore and develop oil resources in Saudi Arabia.
1934 C.E. Hitler
becomes Fuhrer after President Hindenburg dies. Earthquake kills 10,700 in India.
1935 C.E. Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty, begins rearmament of Germany, Jews suffer government
persecution through Nuremburg Laws. Persian ruler Reza Pahlavi, admirer of
Hitler, renames country Iran, (land of the Aryans). 50,000
killed in earthquake in India.
1936 C.E. Jewish villages in Palestine attacked by Arab gangs directed
by Jerusalem Muslim Mufti, moderate Arabs also attacked. Germany reoccupies the Rhineland. Spanish Civil war.
German-Italian "Axis" Pact. Stalin begins "Great Purge" elimination
of "Old Bolsheviks" of U.S.S.R., up to eight million arrested in
two years, five to six million in Siberian and Russian camps, from 1940-42
the numbers are doubled.
1937 C.E. Japanese invade China, begin brutal occupation. British
Peel Commission recommends partition of Palestine west of Jordan into Jewish and Arab states with
British enclave. Amelia Earhart lost in the Pacific on round-the-world
flight.
1938 C.E. Germany annexes Austria. Munich Pact gives Germany
Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia. "Kristallnacht" Nazi pogrom against
German and Austrian Jews, thirty-six killed, 30,000 men sent to concentration
camps. U.S. discovers oil at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
1939 C.E. British issue third "White Paper" restricting Jewish
immigration to Palestine to 10,000 a year. Germany annexes Czechoslovakia. Spanish Civil war ends. Italy invades Albania. Germany invades Poland, WWII begins. Britain and France declare war on Germany. Russia invades Poland. Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact
signed. Finland defeated by U.S.S.R. 30,000
killed in Turkey, and 28,000 killed in Chile in earthquakes. 200,000 die in
flooding in China.
1940 C.E. Germany invades Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. Japan joins Axis powers. Germany invades France. Dunkirk evacuation of British troops from
France to England. France surrenders. Air Battle of Britain. Italy invades Greece. Muslim League declares intent of
establishing Pakistan as homeland for Indian Muslims
after the war.
1941 C.E. Herman Goring orders full implementation of the "Final
Solution" (genocide) of all Jews in Nazi territory, other nationalities
also suffer. Germany invades Russia. Italy and Germany invade Egypt. Manhattan Project (atomic
weapons) begins in the U.S. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi succeeds father as Shah of
Iran, pro-Nazi. Japan launches surprise attack on U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. U.S. declares war on the Axis powers.
1942 C.E. Japan captures Manila, Singapore, Rangoon, Mandalay and the Philippines. Germans defeated at Stalingrad and El Alamein, German retreat from North Africa. As many as a million Jews
slaughtered by Nazis. Storm kills 40,000 in India. Nuclear chain reaction in the U.S. by Enrico Fermi.
1943 C.E. German forces surrender at Stalingrad. U.S. begins recapture of Pacific
islands from Japanese. Stubborn Jewish revolt in Warsaw ghetto put down by Nazis, ghetto
liquidated.
1944 C.E. Allies enter Rome. Allies land at Normandy, France. Japanese navy defeated at battle
of Leyte
Gulf. In
forty-five days Nazis murder 400,000 Hungarian Jews in death camps.
1945 C.E. Warsaw captured by U.S.S.R. Churchill,
Roosevelt and Stalin discuss postwar arrangements at Yalta. Allies invade Germany. Mussolini assassinated. Hitler
commits suicide. Germany surrenders. United Nations
charter signed. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders. End of WWII. During
the war about six million Jews murdered, termed Holocaust, nine to ten
million Slavs and Gypsies murdered. Total casualties of the war, fifty
million dead, thirty-four million wounded. Potsdam conference determines peace
terms. Independent Sunni Republic of Kurdistan declared, crushed by forces
from Iran, Iraq and Turkey. Arab League founded.
1946 C.E. League of Nations ends. First U.N. General Assembly
meeting. Nuremburg trials for Nazi war criminals. Jordan (Transjordan) recognized as Monarchy under
King Abdullah, a Hashemite (direct descendant of Muhammad), Jordanian army
formed. British continue to turn Jewish survivors of European Holocaust away
from Palestine. Civil war begins in Vietnam.
1947 C.E. U.N. agrees to partition Palestine into Arab and Jewish states with Jerusalem as an international city, Jews
agree to plan Arabs reject it. Transistor invented. Arab Bedouin shepherd
discovers cave in Palestine with many scroll fragments, to be
known as The Dead Sea Scrolls. Many fragments dated to a century BCE - century CE,
oldest biblical texts. Marshall Plan introduced to rebuild Europe. India gains independence from British, India and Pakistan created, tens of thousands die in
Muslim - Hindu riots and population transfer. Burma gains independence.
1948 C.E. State of Israel declared by David Ben Gurion, war
between Israel and surrounding Arab nations.
Muslim Brotherhood assassinates Egyptian Prime Minister after Egyptians
defeated by Israel. Gandhi assassinated by Hindu
extremist. U.S.S.R. blockades West Berlin, allied relief airlift begins. Civil war in China. Division of North and South Korea. World Council of Churches
founded.
1949 C.E. South Africa adopts Apartheid as government
policy. N.A.T.O. formed. Mao Tse-tung establishes brutal communist rule in China. Germany divided into East and West Germany. Communist organization Comecon
founded. Jerusalem partitioned at Arab-Israel
armistice, declared capital of Israel. Large-scale Aliyah immigration
of Jews to Israel begins from many nations,
including Arab nations.
1950 C.E. Papal dogma of the Assumption of Mary decreed. Korean war begins.
British and Egyptian dispute over Suez Canal and Sudan. Earthquake in India, more than 20,000 perish.
c.1950 C.E. World population 2.5 billion.
1951 C.E. Egypt withdraws from agreements on Suez canal, British occupy canal zone.
British and French make King Idris the Sunni ruler of Libya. King Abdullah of Jordan assassinated at the entrance to
the Al Aksa mosque in Jerusalem by pro-Nasser fundamentalists
because of his assistance in the creation of the state of Israel. Peace treaty signed in San Francisco by Japan and opponents of WWII. Site of Qumran in the Holy Land excavated, reveals Jewish sect of
the first century.
1952 C.E. Yasser Arafat joins Muslim Brotherhood while a student at Cairo University. Hussein king of Jordan. Chinese Communists forcibly
collectivize the country, several million die.
1953 C.E. Muslim Brotherhood plays major role in overthrow of British-backed
King Farouk of Egypt. Egyptian Arab Republic established. U.S. CIA assists
Shah in overthrow of Iranian Prime Minister. Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norkay climb Mount Everest. Stalin dies, Malenkov Soviet
leader. Korean War ends. Watson and Crick discover double helical molecular
structure of DNA.
1954 C.E. Gamel Abdul Nasser becomes President of Egypt, expels British and
German military advisors. After assassination attempt Nasser hangs six leaders of Muslim
Brotherhood and drives hundreds into exile in Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. Algerian National Liberation
Front declares war on French. French defeated in North Vietnam. S.E.A.T.O. formed to check
spread of communism in South East Asia. Polio vaccinations by Jonas Salk.
1955 C.E. Communist Warsaw Pact formed. Juan Peron of Argentina goes into exile after revolt.
Baghdad Pact formed between Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and Britain.
1956 C.E. Egyptian President Nasser nationalizes Suez canal, Israel invades Egypt, British and French forces occupy
canal zone. U.N. arranges cease-fire. Morocco and Tunis independent from France. Sudan independent. Pakistan declared world's first Islamic
Republic. Uprising in Hungary crushed by Soviet troops.
1957 C.E. European Common Market agreement signed. Suez canal open to all shipping. First
satellite Sputnik launched into orbit by U.S.S.R.
1958 C.E. Egypt and Syria form the United Arab Republic, Yemen also joins. Revolt in Iraq, King Faisal II assassinated,
republic declared. U.S. launches its first satellite,
Explorer, space race begins.
1959 C.E. Communist Fidel Castro overthrows government in Cuba. Tibet rebels against Chinese rule.
1960 C.E. Seventeen European colonies in Africa given independence. U.S. reconnaissance plane shot down
over U.S.S.R. John Kennedy becomes President of the U.S. Moroccan earthquake,
sea-wave kills 10,000. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
founded. Coup in Turkey, Prime Minister Menderes,
"Friend of God," hanged, secular state reaffirmed.
c.1960 C.E. Yasser Arafat recruits
Palestinians willing to take up arms against Israel in al-Fetah organization.
1961 C.E. Adolf Eichmann found guilty in trial in Jerusalem of Nazi war crimes
against Jews in WWII Holocaust, subsequently hanged. Berlin Wall built
between democratic W. Berlin and communist E. Berlin. Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin,
first man in space. U.S. backed "Bay of Pigs" invasion of Cuba fails. U.S.S.R. explodes 50
megaton hydrogen bomb, largest ever.
1962 C.E. Algeria gains independence from France. Cuban Missile crisis between the
U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Satellite
Telstar put in orbit. World Muslim League established. Pope John XXIII opens
Second Vatican Council, liberalizes Roman Catholic liturgy. Earthquake kills
12,230 in Iran.
1963 C.E. U.S. President Kennedy assassinated, Vice President Lyndon Johnson
becomes President. Storm in East Pakistan kills 20,000.
1964 C.E. PLO founded as umbrella for Palestinian refugee relief and guerilla
groups, sponsored by President Nasser of Egypt. War between Greeks and Turks in Cyprus, U.N. troops sent to maintain
peace. U.S. increases involvement in Vietnam conflict. Civil Rights Act
becomes law in the U.S. Strongest North American earthquake hits Alaska, 117 killed, Pacific sea-wave
generated by the shock reaches 50 feet in height and travels 8,445 miles at
450 miles per hour.
1965 C.E. Spain grants legal status to Jewish
community. War between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, U.N. calls for cease-fire. U.S. bombs North Vietnam, Marines sent to South Vietnam. Death of Sir Winston Churchill.
47,000 killed in East Pakistan, 10,000 killed in Pakistan in separate storms. General
Suharto comes to power in Indonesian coup. Suharto supported by Muslim shariah
jurists, over a period of years 500,000 Communists will be executed. Mutual
excommunication between Eastern and Roman Churches of 1054 repealed.
c.1965 C.E. Special Creation vs. Evolution,
modern creation movement has begun; One-hundred years after Darwin's book Origin, scientists
who believe recent creation explains scientific evidence of life on earth
successfully challenge scientists who hold to evolution during debates on
college campuses in the U.S.
1966 C.E. Military coup in Syria, leader of strongest Alawite clan
appointed President, Hafez al-Assad. Cultural Revolution in China. 12,000 killed in earthquake in Iran.
1967 C.E. Six
Day War between Israel
and Arabs. Israel
captures territories and east Jerusalem,
declares unification of Jerusalem.
Arab leaders formulate the "three noes" concerning Israel
in Kartoum, Sudan;
no peace, no negotiations, no recognition. U.N. arranges cease-fire with
resolution 242. Population of Jerusalem,
195,000 Jews, 54,960 Muslims, 10,800 Christians. Muammar Qaddafi overthrows
pro-British King Idris, establishes unique "divinely guided"
Islamic dictatorship. Communist government in Albania
closes mosques and churches.
c.1967 C.E. Modern "Messianic
Movement" is underway; Jews who believe Yeshua (Jesus) is risen from the
dead and is Israel's Messiah maintain Jewish
identity by forming Messianic synagogues and congregations and choose not to
assimilate in Christian churches.
1968 C.E. Black U.S. civil rights leader Martin Luther
King assassinated. Robert Kennedy, brother of President John Kennedy,
assassinated. Soviet troops crush uprising in Czechoslovakia. Tet Offensive in Vietnam.
1969 C.E. War of Attrition launched by Arabs against Israel. Sudan introduces traditional Koranic
laws, shariah. Al Aksa mosque on Temple Mount in Jerusalem burned by Australian Protestant
Christian who seeks to hasten the return of Christ, ignites riots throughout
the Muslim world against Israel. Saudi Arabia founds Secretariat of the World
Muslim League to finance Muslim causes with oil wealth and assert leadership
of Sunni Islamic nations. Yearly Islamic Conference established. American
astronauts land on the moon.
1970 C.E. Civil war in Jordan between Palestinian exiles
directed by the PLO against Jordanian government forces. 67,000 dead from
earthquake in Peru, 10,000 perish in earthquake in China. 200,000 drown in storm in East Pakistan.
c.1970 C.E. Hajj research center opens in Jiddah, Saudi Arabia. World Jewish population about
fourteen million.
1971 C.E. Pakistan defeated in war against India over Kashmir. East Pakistan become independent secular Bangladesh. Bahrain gains independence from Britain. 10,000 killed in storm in India.
1972 C.E. Islamic constitution adopted in Morocco. Ceylon becomes republic Sri Lanka. U.S. President Nixon visits
Communist China. 5,000 killed in Iran, 6,000 killed in Nicaragua by earthquakes. Eleven Israeli
athletes killed at Olympics in Munich by Arab terror group, five
terrorists and one policeman also killed.
1973 C.E. Yom Kippur War; Egypt and Syria invade on Israel's holiest day. Israel recovers from initial severe
losses and pursues Egypt and Syria, cease-fire after five weeks of
fighting. U.N. resolution 338 adopted. Arab OPEC cartel raises price of oil
four times previous level. Arabic added to the five original working
languages of the U.N. General Assembly. Republic declared in Afghanistan. U.S. legalizes abortion, withdraws
troops from Vietnam.
1974 C.E. Yasser Arafat addresses the U.N. General Assembly speaking as a
"head of state." President Nixon resigns after Watergate scandal.
1975 C.E. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia assassinated. North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam, war ends. Khmer Rouge slaughter
more than a million people in the "Killing Fields" of Cambodia.
1976 C.E. Israeli commandos free 103 hostages in Entebbe, Uganda. 242,000 killed in China, 23,000 killed in Guatemala, 8,000 killed in the Philippines, 4,000 killed in Turkey by earthquakes. Premier
philosopher of science Karl Popper says Darwinianism (evolution - natural
selection) has value for science as a metaphysical research program, but that
it is not a scientific theory, these remarks disturb the secular scientific
community.
1977 C.E. Sadat of Egypt and Begin of Israel visit each other's country, begin
peace negotiations. More than 1.6 million Muslims make Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. Coup in Pakistan brings General Zia ul-Haq to
power, implements full Koranic laws of shariah and begins Islamisation
campaign. Coup in Bangladesh brings military to power with new
constitution which abolishes secularism and establishes foundation of Koranic
shariah. Muammar Qaddafi declares "third universal theory"
which includes theoretical abolition of Libyan state, "The People are
the Caliph." Coup in Afghanistan brings Marxist to power, opposing
tribes declare Jihad, and are loosely bound together as Mujahideen,
Islamic warriors. Djibouti granted independence from France. Soviet Jewish Refusnik Anatoly
Scharansky arrested in Moscow. 7,000 dead from storm in India.
1978 C.E. President Daoud of Afghanistan overthrown by pro-Soviet party.
25,000 perish in earthquake in Iran. Israel invades Lebanon. Pope Paul VI dies, new Pope,
John Paul, dies after thirty-four days in office, replaced by Pope John Paul
II of Poland. Muslim world produces 45% of
world's oil, holds 65% of world's proven oil reserves. 913 commit suicide in
Jim Jones' People's Temple cult in Jonestown, Guyana.
1979 C.E. Camp David peace accords between Egypt and Israel signed in U.S. Shah of Iran toppled from government, flees Iran. Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini
returns to Iran and forms Islamic Republic,
claims title of Guardian of Religious Law, becomes most powerful
international Shi'ite leader (compare entry for 1694). Sunni Islamic "Mahdi"
and more than 200 armed followers seize Sacred Mosque and Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, 255 die in ensuing battle, Saudi
troops capture 73 rebels who are executed according to shariah by
beheading in public. U.S.S.R. invades Afghanistan, reportedly some Muslim soldiers
in Soviet Army desert to the Afghans.
1980 C.E. War between Iraq and Iran. Border of Israel and Egypt opened. Israel proclaims Jerusalem eternal capital, Saudi Arabia renews call for Jihad (Holy War)
against Israel. Population of Jerusalem 275,000 Jews, 92,000 Muslims,
12,000 Christians. Military coup in Turkey. Mauritania declared an Islamic Republic.
Egyptian Muslim group, Al-Jihad, plants bombs in Coptic Christian churches in
Cairo. U.S. breaks ties with Iran. 4,500 perish in Algeria, 4,800 killed in Italy in earthquakes.
1981 C.E. President Sadat of Egypt assassinated during anniversary
celebration of Yom Kippur invasion of Israel in 1973 by a faction of the
Muslim Brotherhood who oppose peace with Israel and seek to establish an Islamic
State. Egypt expelled from the Arab League
because of the treaty with Israel. Assassination attempts on U.S.
President Reagan and Pope John Paul II fail. Pope encourages greater Roman
Catholic devotion to the Virgin Mary since he credits her with saving his
life. Israel makes pre-emptive air strike on
nuclear reactor in Iraq. U.S. launches the first space shuttle.
Plot uncovered to overthrow government of Bahrain and install an Islamic Republic.
Francis Crick, of DNA fame (1953) states belief in "Directed
Panspermia," that chemical conditions on earth appear to have made it
impossible for the first living cell to evolve and that life came to earth
from some other planet. Mathematician and astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle,
concludes the astounding complexity and amazing degree of order in the
Universe demands pre-existing intelligence, even to the limit of God.
1982 C.E. More than 380 Islamic leaders from over twenty nations meet in Teheran, Iran for conference on ideal Islamic
government. Israel invades Lebanon to crush PLO power. Bashir
Gemayel, president elect of Lebanon, assassinated by explosion.
Hundreds of Palestinians killed in West Beirut Sabra and Chatilla refugee
camps by Lebanese Christian Phalangist loyalists of Gemayel. Islamic
fundamentalist riots in all Algerian towns leads to fall of President
Boumedienne, new President Chadli begins limited Islamisation of government
and laws. President Assad of Syria crushes uprising inspired by
Muslim Brotherhood in city of Hama, upwards of 20,000 killed. Islamic
riots in Egypt put down by the army. New Jewish
immigrant to Israel wearing Israel Army uniform opens fire on Jerusalem's
Temple Mount killing one, wounding others, had history of schizophrenia
before moving to Israel. Arabic added to the five original working languages
of the U.N. Security Council. War between Britain and Argentina over the Falkland Islands.
1983 C.E. Pope John Paul II signs new Roman Catholic code. Coup in Bangladesh brings General Ershad to
Presidency. In a period of only five weeks Iran announces 300 public executions
for crimes against Koranic shariah laws. President Nimeiri of Sudan announces the full implementation
of Koranic shariah laws in Sudan. Motherland Party wins Turkish
elections. U.S. Embassy in West Beirut blown up by "Islamic Jihad" Shi'ite
suicide driver, 63 die. Palestinians expelled from Lebanon by Israel. 241 U.S. servicemen die in "Islamic
Jihad" Shi'ite terrorist explosion in Beirut, separate attack on French
Paratroopers leaves 58 dead. U.S. Embassy in Kuwait attacked by Shi'ite suicide car
bomb, "Islamic Jihad" claims responsibility. International
Geological Correction Project sets a reference point in geologic column
between layers of rock with no fossils (pre-Cambrian) and the first layers
which contain nearly all major forms of life (known as the "Cambrian
Explosion"). S. Korean 747 downed by U.S.S.R. after tracking it for two
hours, 269 perish.
1984 C.E. Indira Ghandi assassinated by bodyguards. Saudi Arabia begins $16 billion expansion of
the "Prophet's Mosque" in Medina, to accommodate additional
250,000 worshipers. U.S. Embassy in East Beirut bombed, 14 die. Italy and Vatican agree to end Roman Catholicism as
state religion. Toxic gas leak in Bhopal, India kills 2,000, injures 150,000.
Drought and famine in Mauritania, Niger, Mali, Chad, Sudan and Ethiopia. Islamic fundamentalist riots in Indonesia against secularizing policies. France and Libya at brink of war over Chadian
civil war. Israel discovers Jewish conspiracies to
blow up the Muslim mosques on Jerusalem's Temple Mount.
1985 C.E. Convicted Israeli plotters of Temple Mount bombings receive sympathy and
support from many fellow Israelis. 2.1 million Muslims from 119 nations
gather at Hajj in Mecca, in groups of 100,000 they shout,
"Oh Allah, return Jerusalem to Islam." Shi'ite Muslims
hijack TWA airliner, American serviceman killed, 39 Americans taken hostage
in Beirut, Lebanon, hostage release later secured by
Syria and Iran. PLO terrorists hijack cruise
liner Achille Lauro, American Jewish passenger murdered. Israel withdraws most forces from Lebanon. 25,000 die in Mexico City earthquake. Mud slides kill
25,000 in Colombia. Cyclone kills 10,000 in Bangladesh. Terrorists kill 19 in Rome and Vienna airports.
1986 C.E. Space shuttle Challenger blows up after launch, crew of five men, two
women killed. Algeria adopts charter to guide
"Islamic Socialism." Martial law lifted in Pakistan. Chernobyl nuclear reactor disaster,
radiation spread as far as Scandinavia and Western Europe. AIDS virus discovered. U.S. bombs Libya, three U.S. hostages in Lebanon slain in retaliation. U.S. intelligence analyst Jonathan Jay
Pollard found guilty as spy for Israel. Volcano gas from lake bottom
kills 1,500 in Cameroon. Iran-Contra affair revealed in U.S.
1987 C.E. U.S. bans Austrian president Kurt
Waldheim from country due to Nazi past. Iraq apologizes for attacking and
killing 37 sailors on the U.S. frigate Stark in the Persian Gulf. Lebanon's Prime Minister, Rashid Karami,
assassinated. Hundreds killed in Shi'ite inspired violence at Mecca, Saudi Arabia breaks contacts with Iran. 4,000 killed in Ecuador by earthquake. Palestinian
resistance against Israeli rule in territories escalates, termed
"Intifada."
c.1987 C.E. World population five billion.
1988 C.E. U.S. Navy shoots down Iranian airliner over Persian Gulf by mistake, 290 killed. Pakistani
President Mohammed Zia ul-Haq killed in plane crash, suspect in-flight bomb
explosion. End of Iraq-Iran war, more than a million casualties. Yasser
Arafat proclaims independent Palestinian State. Saudi Arabia initiates $1.6 billion expansion
project of the Holy Mosque in Mecca to accommodate an additional
150,000 worshipers. Massive desert locust plague covers North Africa, as far east as Saudi Arabia and Iran. Some swarms of locusts fly 3,000
miles to a dozen Caribbean islands, some reach Rome and southern England. Earthquake kills 55,000 in Armenia. Terrorist bomb blows up Pan Am
747 over Lockerbie, Scotland, 270 killed. Benazir Bhutto wins
election in Pakistan, maintains Islamic Republic based
on Koranic laws. Rioting between Muslims and Christians in Soviet Armenia. Muslim riots in Soviet
Tadjikstan after earthquake victims buried in mass grave without Islamic
funeral rites.
1989 C.E. U.S. fighters shoot down Libyan
fighters over international water of Mediterranean Sea. U.S.S.R. opens the door for
massive Jewish immigration to Israel. Soviets troops withdraw from Kabul, Afghanistan. Iran's Hojatoleslam Hashemi-Rafsanjani
sentences Salman Rushdie to death for writing The Satanic Verses.
Muslim-Christian riots in Yugoslavia on 600th anniversary of Battle of the Field of Blackbirds which
established Ottoman Turkish rule. Saudi Arabia beheads 16 pro-Iranian Kuwaitis
after attempt to bomb the Great Mosque in Mecca during the Hajj. Tens of
thousands of Chinese students demonstrate for greater democracy, weeks later
crushed by government forces. Ayatollah Khomeini dies, hysterical mourners
overturn casket during funeral procession. Berlin wall is opened, eastern European
countries begin anti-communist demonstrations. Rene Moawad, Lebanese
President, assassinated after 17 days in office.
1990 C.E. Eight Israeli tourists murdered in Egypt by Palestinian extremists. Seven
Palestinian day workers murdered in Israel by Israeli gunman, sparks
widespread Palestinian unrest. Islamic leader assassinated in Kashmir, police kill 30 of 100,000 angry
mourners. PLO launches speedboat attack against Israeli beaches, four
terrorists killed. Islamic party wins large victory in Algeria. Stampeding masses of pilgrims in
Mecca trample to death 1,426. Iraq invades Kuwait to recover oil fields and end
"colonial" invention of border. U.N. imposes world embargo on Iraq, U.S. led defense coalition builds up
in Saudi Arabia. A week after the invasion Sadaam
Hussein claims it was in support of the Palestinian cause. Yasser Arafat in Baghdad supports Sadaam Hussein. Arab
League votes to send troops to defend Saudi Arabia. Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and others join U.S. led coalition against Iraq. Government of Pakistan overthrown on charges of
corruption. W. and E. Germany reunited. Arab League moves headquarters back to Cairo from Tunis. Britain and Iran resume ties. Israeli Jewish
group, "The Temple Mount Faithful," seeks to lay the foundation
stone for the third Jewish Temple, Muslim rioters react by throwing stones
and metal objects down on Jewish worshipers at Western Wall from the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 18 Muslim
Arabs in subsequent clash. Earthquake in Iran kills 50,000.
1991 C.E. United Nation Allies begin massive round-the-clock air strikes against
Iraqi positions in Kuwait and Iraq. Iraq launches conventionally tipped
Scud missiles against Saudi Arabia and Israel (later determined that some were
unconventional). U.S. sends anti-missile Patriot
batteries to Israel manned with U.S. personnel to keep Israel from the conflict. Iraqi
warplanes flown to Iran. Allied armored invasion crushes
Iraqi forces, fleeing Iraqis torch hundreds of Kuwaiti oil wells. Estimated
more than 100,000 Iraqi soldiers killed in just about a month of war. (A year
later the casualty figures reduced greatly to as low as 8,000.) Allies
liberate Kuwait. Iraq accepts cease-fire which calls
for the destruction of all Iraqi unconventional weapons and allows U.N.
investigators to check for compliance. Severe embargo sanctions continued
against Iraq. Kurds of northern Iraq revolt, then flee to the
mountains. Shi'ites in southeastern Iraq revolt, are crushed by surviving
Iraqi forces. U.S. forces enter northern Iraq to construct safe-haven camps for
Kurds. Storms in Bangladesh kill 125,000. Iraq refuses U.N. investigators access
to certain laboratories raising the threat of renewed warfare, eventually
allowed access. In two days more than 15,000 Ethiopian Jews from war-torn Ethiopia are airlifted to Israel. Three Baltic republics of the
U.S.S.R. demand independence, Soviet crackdown follows. Political conflict
between republics of Yugoslavia eventually lead to full scale
civil war. Israel renews call for direct
negotiations for peace with her Arab neighbors. President Gorbachev arrested
in coup attempt by hardliners in the U.S.S.R. Russian President Yeltsin
courageously defies the coup, which then fails. Baltic republics granted
independence. Iran pressures Shi'ites in Lebanon to begin release of western
hostages. Israel releases Arab prisoners. Israeli
and Arab delegates begin peace talks in Madrid, second phase of talks take place
in Washington. Republics of Russia, Byelorussia and Ukraine declare independence from the
U.S.S.R., form Commonwealth of Independent States, Central Asia Muslim
republics also seek membership. Eleven former Soviet republics sign
Commonwealth charter in Kazakstan. On Christmas day Gorbachev resigns as
President of the U.S.S.R., which no longer exists, control of Soviet nuclear
arsenal turned over to Yeltsin. Algerian Islamic fundamentalist party with
ambition of a government similar to Iran's wins landslide victory in first
multi-party elections. U.N. repeals 1975 "Zionism is racism"
resolution.
1992 C.E.
Arab-Israeli peace talks continue in Washington. Israel and ten Arab nations attend talks
in Moscow. Yugoslav fighter shoots down unarmed helicopter.
Algerian President Chadli Benjedid resigns after landslide Islamic victory in
elections, army dominated Ruling Council annuls election, president of Ruling
Council later assassinated. In south Lebanon Israeli forces kill Sheik Abbas
al Musawi, leader of Hizbollah, wife, son and four body guards also killed.
Bomb destroys Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, 32 killed, 250 wounded, Islamic
Jihad claims responsibility saying it was in response to the killing of Sheik
Musawi. U.N. again confronts Iraq on destruction of
non-conventional weapons. U.N. pressures Libya to extradite two suspects in
bombings of airliners over Scotland and Niger, sanctions imposed when Libya refuses. U.N. "Earth
Summit" of 178 countries in Rio de Janeiro, makes resolutions on global
warming and protection of forests. Fighting continues in former Yugoslavia with reports of "ethnic
cleansing" genocide being carried out, U.N. sanctions imposed. Muslim
factions enter capital, take control of Afghanistan. Panama's Noriega convicted in U.S. of drug trafficking. 53 killed in
Los
Angeles riots after jury acquits four policemen of excessive
force during arrest of black motorist, soldiers, Marines and National Guard
called in to restore order. Rabin becomes prime minister after left-wing
Labor party defeats right-wing Likud in Israel's elections, U.S. President Bush
announces agreement to $10 billion loan guarantees to Israel. U.S. - Russian agreement to reduce
nuclear warheads by about two-thirds. Shi'ites free last western hostages in Lebanon, two Germans. Allies impose
"no-fly zone" on Iraq. Arkansas Governor Clinton
defeats President Bush and independent Perot in U.S. elections. Roman Catholic Church
adopts new Catechism after six year study of previous 400 year old text, the
new document declares, "Jews were not collectively responsible for the
death of Jesus ... All sinners were responsible for Christ's Passion." U.S. led U.N. forces bring relief to
famine struck Somalia. Islamic "Hamas" party
seeking an Islamic Palestinian state kills six Israeli soldiers in separate
incidents prompting expulsion of 415 Hamas activists into south Lebanon, camp erected in no-man's land
when Lebanon refuses to accept them. 4,000
killed in earthquake in Turkey. Hindus in India destroy a Muslim mosque, 1,210
killed and thousands wounded in subsequent riots.
1993 C.E. European Community investigation finds that up to 20,000 Musim women
and girls had been raped by Bosnian Serbs in the continuing Yugoslavian civil
war. Estimates of global AIDS epidemic thought to be at 2.5 million (four
times higher than reported cases) with more than 13 million infected with the
HIV, the virus which develops into AIDS after 7-10 years. Allied air attack
on Iraqi antiaircraft missile and radar instalations, U.S. fighter downs Iraqi fighter. Israel legalizes contacts with the PLO.
Terrorist bomb in the World Trade Center, New York City, leaves 6 dead,
causes 200 foot wide crater several stories deep in the underground parking
garage, Muslim disciples of Sheikh Rahman arrested. Four officers killed in
shootout with armed cult in Waco, Texas, weeks later, after failed
negotiations compound is stormed, fiery explosions within erupt killing at
least 72 cult members. 1000 killed in Zaire after clash between President and
Premier over new fiscal policies. U.S. air drops supplies to Muslim
areas of Bosinia and Herzegovina. Abortion doctor shot dead by
anti-abortionist in Pensacola, Florida. U.N. force replaces most U.S. troops in Somalia. N. Korea withdraws from nuclear
non-proliferation treaty raising suspicions of arms development. More than a
dozen bombs kill 300 in Bombay and Calcutta, India, reportedly a Muslim family in Bombay was responsible for the Bombay attacks. U.S. declares support of exiled
president of Haiti. 200 perish in U.S. east coast storm. $28 billion in
aid pledged to Russia by G-7 nations. U.S. planes bomb Iraqi antiaircraft
positions. Up to 281,000 infected with parasite in Milwaukee water supply, 6 deaths attributed
to the disease. President of Sri Lanka assassinated by suicide bomber,
24 killed in attack. Archbishop of Guadalajara, Mexico mistakenly shot to death in shoot
out between 2 drug cartels at Guadalajara's international airport. Mafia
believed responsible for bombing that kills 5 in Florence, Italy. U.S. attacks Iraq in response to discovery of plot
to assassinate President Bush. U.N. imposes oil ban on Haiti. Dozens killed as fighting
escalates in Somalia between U.N. troops and Somali
warlord Aidid. Massive flood devastates U.S. Midwest causing 50 deaths, $12
billion in damage. Israeli bombardment of 70 villages in southern Lebanon reportedly kills 130, in response
to terrorist attacks on Israeli soldiers in security zone which killed 7
Israeli soldiers. Israel Supreme Court overturns conviction and death
sentence of Nazi death-camp guard, John Demjanjuk. Cuba's deputy health minister states
that symptoms of illness that affected 46,000 Cubans point to a new disease.
Sheik Rahman indicted in New York City on conspiracy charges, including
the bombing of the World Trade Center. About 400 Palestinians of the
Islamic Hamas party returned home from their expulsion into southern Lebanon after accepting terms set forth
by Israel. Israeli and PLO leaders meet in Oslo Norway. U.S. labels Sudan a supporter of international
terrorism, concluding it had trained Islamic terrorists and given them a
"safe harbor." Israel's Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
and PLO chairman Yasser Arafat sign peace accord between Israel and the PLO in Washington. Pope John Paul II visits the U.S., conducts mass for 400,000 people
near Denver, Colorado. Ground controllers lost contact
with the $980 million Mars Observer spacecraft as it approached Mars to begin
its mission. U.S. to close 130 military bases and
scale down another 45. U.N. peace plan rejected by Bosnian Muslims, unless
ceded more land from Croats and Serbs. Power struggle in Russia between Yeltsin and the Russian
Parliament, Yeltsin crushes opposition, declares state of emergency in Moscow, 187 die in fighting, 437 wounded
in battle. China conducts underground nuclear
test. Benazir Bhutto re-elected in new Pakistani elections. Israel frees 600 Palestinians held in
Israeli jails. Treaty of union between the 12 European Community members was
ratified. International Atomic Energy Agency told the U.N. that N. Korea denied inspectors to carry out
proper monitoring procedures at various sites. Space shuttle crew repairs
"Hubble" space telescope while in orbit. Columbian police and
soldiers kill drug boss, Pablo Escobar. "Framework for a lasting
peace" was set forth by Prime Ministers Major of Great Britain and Reynolds
of Ireland in a bid to end the long and bloody civil war in N. Ireland.
1994 C.E. Mexican peasants rebel in bloody armed attacks leaving more than 100
people dead. NATO develops "partnership for peace" program,
enabling eastern European nations of the former Soviet bloc limited
association with the organization. U.S. President Clinton tours eastern
Europe, signs treaty with Yeltsin of Russia and Kravchuk of Ukraine for
sweeping nuclear weapons reductions. Bosnian Serbs pull back from attack on Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina,
after NATO threatens to attack. U.S. born Israeli physician massacres
29 Muslim worshipers and injures some 150 in the cave of the tomb of
Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in a bid to derail the peace process
between Israel and the Palestinians, triggers
widespread violence among Palestinians. Bosnian Muslims and Croats form
federation under pressure from the U.S., U.N., and Russia. Bosnian Serbs permit civilians
to cross siege lines of Sarajevo for the first time in two years
of war. N.
Korea
threatens to pull out of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty after the U.N.
demands access to 7 restricted sites. South Africa in state of emergency after
widespread clashes preceding free elections. Mexican presidential candidate
slain after delivering a speech in Tijuana. Last U.S. troops leave Somalia. Amid controversy, the Anglican
Church ordains 32 women priests, the first in the 460 year history of the English Church. Bosnian Serbs, who had killed
about 1,000 in their attack on predominantly Muslim city of Gorazde, retreat after being bombed by
NATO aircraft. Presidents of both Burundi and Rwanda were killed together as their
plane crashed after being hit by rocket fire, subsequent ethnic clashes in Rwanda kill as many as 500,000
civilians, hundreds of thousands flee to neighboring countries. Separate
Islamic suicide bombers kill 12 in Afula and Hadera bus stations in Israel. PLO negotiators work out details
of transfer of authority with Israel. Israel agrees to release about 5,000
Palestinian prisoners. S. Africa holds first "all-racial" elections with heavy
turn-out, Nelson Mandela elected president with a majority of black
representatives in parliament. A 70 foot tall fresco by Michelangelo and
other artists, "The Last Judgement," was unveiled in the Vatican's Sistine Chapel by Pope John
Paul II after a four year restoration. DNA "fingerprinting" used to
convict U.S. prisoner of murder, subsequently
executed. PLO and Israel sign "self-rule" accord
in Cairo, Egypt. The 31 mile Channel Tunnel
between Britain and France was opened for high speed trains.
International community slaps sanctions on Haiti's government, authorizes U.S. invasion to reinstate Haitian
President Aristide. Russia joins "partnership"
program of NATO. On British T.V. Prince Charles of England admits to committing adultery.
Yasser Arafat returns to Gaza for the first time in 27 years. Israel and Jordan end state of war. N. Korea's President since 1948, Kim Il
Sung, dies, son named as successor. A car bomb explodes in Buenos Aires Jewish neighborhood, killing 100,
another bomb exploded at the Israeli embassy in London injuring a dozen people, Muslims
extremists claim responsibility. 21 fragments of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet
strike Jupiter, one fragment hitting with the force of 250 million Megatons. U.S. jets under NATO command strike
Bosnian Serbs, 90% of Serbs rejected the international peace plan for former Yugoslavia. International terrorist
"Carlos" captured in Sudan, extradited to France. Irish Republican Army announces
cease fire against Britain, Irish Prime Minister and IRA
leader meet. Ulster Protestant paramilitary forces announce cease-fire. Haiti's military junta steps down in
the face of an imminent U.S. invasion to reinstate Aristide.
International conference on population control held in Cairo, Egypt, 179 delegates endorsed the draft
plan with reservations expressed by the Vatican and other delegates, especially
over the issue of abortion. U.S. troops in Persian Gulf area alerted in response to Iraqi
military buildup on Kuwaiti border, Iraqis withdraw. Islamic suicide bomber
blows up bus in down-town Tel Aviv, killing 24. In Israeli controlled
territories near Jerusalem Islamic captors kill abducted
Israeli soldier during failed rescue attempt. Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and
Yasser Arafat awared the Nobel Peace Prize. Israel and Jordan sign peace treaty, President
Clinton attends signing ceremony. 53 religious cultists of the Order of the Solar Temple are found dead, victims of
suicide and murder. Republicans win majority in both houses of U.S. Congress
for first time in more than 40 years. UN Security Council unanimously
approves withdrawal of peacekeeping troops from Somalia by March 1995. Palestinian
suicide bomber on bicycle kills three Israeli soldiers in the Gaza Strip. The
World Bank and 22 donor nations agree to grant more than $200 million to the
Palestinian Authority. Angola signs peace treaty with rebels to
end 19 years of civil war that claimed more than 500,000 lives. British and
Irish Republican Army representatives meet to discuss ending 25 years of
conflict. Bosnian Serbs release 55 Canadians peacekeeping troops, then free
187 French, Russian and Ukrainian peacekeeping troops, then sign four month
truce with other warring parties. Predominantly Muslim Republic of Chechenya rebels against Russia, Russian troops invade killing
many civilians.
1995
C.E. Cease fire in Bosnia begins to unravel. Chechenyan
forces keep Russian invading army at bay at heavy cost in capital city of Grozny. Financial donors, led by the U.S. with $20 billion, stave off
Mexican economic collapse, total of $49.5 billion given by donors. North Korea and U.S. take steps toward normalizing
relations, including easing the U.S. embargo imposed after the Korean
War. Two Palestinian Islamic Jihad suicide bombers kill 18 Israel soldiers and one civilian near
Netanyah in Israel, Israel temporarily closes borders to
Palestinians. UN sends 6,000 peacekeeping troops to replace U.S. troops in Haiti. Muslim rebels explode car bomb in
Algiers killing 42 and wounding nearly
300. Earthquake in Kobe, Japan kills 5,000. Siddig Ibrahim
Siddig Ali pleads guilty in U.S. federal court to a conspiracy
plot to bomb the UN building with other accomplices. Middle East summit in Cairo leads to joint condemnation of
violence by leaders of Egypt, Jordan, Israel and the PLO. Chechenyan president
flees capital Grozny, most civilians had already left,
as many as 24,000 civilians were killed in two months of conflict with Russia. UN Security Council votes to
send 7,000 peacekeeping troops to Angola. Serb leaders reject five-nation
proposal of Bosnian peace plan. Prime ministers of Great Britain and Ireland present proposal to end conflict
over Northern Ireland. Russia goes ahead with plans to
construct a nuclear power plant for Iran despite U.S. protests. U.S. dollar falls
against Yen and Mark to post WWII lows. The UN pulls 2,400 peacekeepers out
of Somalia. Russian troops take last two
cities held by Chechnyan rebels. Bosnia-Herzegovinian army offensive breaks
truce, Serbs counterattack, including against UN "safe areas."
Religious sect releases nerve gas in Tokyo subway, kills twelve, 5,000
injured, news reports say chemicals stockpiled by the sect could produce
enough deadly gas to kill 4.2 million people. UN forces replace U.S. forces in Haiti. Former U.S. Secretary of
Defense, Robert McNamara says Vietnam war was a mistake. Oklahoma City terrorist bomb explosion kills
169, U.S. Army veteran, Timothy McVeigh arrested. Two suicide bombers kill 7
Israeli soldiers and a U.S. citizen in the Gaza Strip.
Rwandan soldiers kill some 2,000 Hutu refugees who attempted to resist them. U.S. announces suspension of all trade
with Iran because of continued terrorist
funding and plans to obtain nuclear weapons. Fighting rages in Bosnia, many killed, UN peace keepers
captured by Serbs and used as human shields against NATO targets. Summit between Clinton and Yeltsin
produces few results, Clinton attends service at Babi Yar where 100,000 Jews and Russians
were murdered by Nazi soldiers during WWII. Israel suspends plan to appropriate Arab
owned land of East Jerusalem. Ebola virus reappears in Zaire, 244 of 315 known victims died. U.S. space shuttle Atlantis docks with
Russian space station Mir. U.S. F-16 pilot, downed in Bosnia by surface to air missile,
rescued by U.S. Marines, Serbs release UN hostages. Leader of Cali drug cartel arrested by Colombian
police. Chechen rebels capture Russian town, take 2,000 patients and hospital
workers hostage, Russian attempts to take hospital fail, though about 50
hostages are freed, rebels release 150 more, about 140 Russian soldiers,
rebels and hostages perished before agreement for cease fire arranged.
Assassination attempt, presumably by Islamic terrorists, on Egyptian
president Hosni Mubarak fails. U.S. heat wave claims 800 lives. Israel and PLO reach agreement in next
phase of peace plan, Palestinian suicide bomber kills 5 others in bus in Tel
Aviv. Iraq frees two Americans who were
arrested after crossing Kuwaiti border into Iraq. Truce ends fighting in Chechnya, about 1,800 Russian soldiers,
with 20,000 Russian and Chechnyan civilians, killed during the rebellion,
future status of Chechnya not determined. Two sons-in-law
of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein, along with other officials, defect, one of
them the head of the non-conventional weapons program, the other head of
presidential security. Warring parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina agree to U.S. brokered peace plan. World-wide
protests of French underground nuclear test. Civil war in Liberia ends with acceptance of peace
treaty by warring militias, 150,000 lives lost in six year war. Muslim terror
plot in the U.S. leads to conviction of ten
conspirators. Israel frees 900 Palestinians from
detention as part of peace plan with PLO.
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